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<title>Shahsevan</title>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Shahsevan</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Shahsevan girls from a rich family. Late 19th-century, <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Iran"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000 (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper1997300_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper1997300-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>300.000 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Shahsevani, <a href="Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Shahsevan</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <span lang="az" dir="rtl">شاهسِوَن</span>; <a href="Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شاهسون</span>) are a number of Azerbaijani-speaking or Shahsevani dialect-speaking (sometimes considered to be Its own dialect distinct from others like Azerbaijani<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <a href="Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> groups that live in northwestern <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, mainly inhabiting the districts of <a href="Mughan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughan">Mughan</a>, <a href="Ardabil_province" title="Ardabil province">Ardabil</a>, Kharaqan and Khamsa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div>

<p>"Shahsevan" means "those who love the <a href="Shah" title="Shah">shah</a>" in <a href="Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, the Shahsevan had a tribal and pastoral nomadic lifestyle, moving during summer 100–200 km to the south on the <a href="Sabalan" title="Sabalan">Sabalan</a> and nearby ranges, in the districts of <a href="Ardabil" title="Ardabil">Ardabil</a>, <a href="Meshginshahr" title="Meshginshahr">Meshginshahr</a>, and <a href="Sarab%2C_East_Azerbaijan" title="Sarab, East Azerbaijan">Sarab</a>, and during the winter to the <a href="Mughan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughan">Mughan</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were a minority in this area, but like the settled majority (whom the Shahsevan call "<a href="Tat_(ethnonym)" title="Tat (ethnonym)">Tat</a>"), they were <a href="Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a> and spoke Azerbaijani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shahsevan lived in a frontier region that was easily accessible and frequently traversed, unlike tribes like the <a href="Bakhtiari_people" title="Bakhtiari people">Bakhtiari</a> and the <a href="Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a> who live in the <a href="Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>. <a href="Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> (in 1736) and <a href="Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a> (in 1796) both selected Mughan as the location for their coronation. The Shahsevan differ from other nomadic tribal groups in Iran in a number of ways, including their history and location on the frontier, as well as their social and economic structure. Their <i><a href="Alachig" title="Alachig">alachig</a></i> is what makes them most recognizable. When Turkic tribes from <a href="Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> entered <a href="Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> in the 11th century, they left behind this type of settlement and other cultural remnants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Despite having a very extensively reported history since the early 18th-century, it is still unknown where the Shahsevan originated. Even though the ancestors of several of the tribes were of other origins such as <a href="Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>, Turkic identity and culture are predominate among them. Between the 16th and the 18th century, several tribal confederacies merged together to become the Shahsevan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Three distinctly different accounts of the Shahsevan's history existed by the 20th century. The most well-known was that they were a brand-new tribe created as a result of the Safavid shahs' tribal and military policies. This is based on a passage from <a href="John_Malcolm" title="John Malcolm">John Malcolm</a>'s <i>History of Persia</i> that says that the Shahsevan were created by <a href="Shah_Abbas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abbas I">Shah Abbas I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1588–1629</span>) to quell the chaos caused by the rebellious <a href="Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> chiefs, who a century earlier had assisted <a href="Shah_Ismail_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail I">Shah Ismail I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1501–1524</span>) in establishing the <a href="Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, neither contemporary European travellers nor Safavid records make mention of this story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian <a href="Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientialist</a> <a href="Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">Vladimir Minorsky</a> stated that "the known facts somewhat complicate Malcolm's story" and that "it may be doubted if a single regularly constituted tribe was ever founded by Shah Abbas under the name Shah-sewan."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British <a href="Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> <a href="Richard_Tapper" title="Richard Tapper">Richard Tapper</a> states that Malcolm's story "is based on a misreading of chronicle sources."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shahsevan are described as a personal militia and a royal guard in subsequent passages of Malcolm's book, and there is some proof that a military corps with the name Shahsevan existed in the middle of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Statements such as <i>shāhī-sēvan kardan</i> are often used in the Safavid chronicle <i><a href="Tarikh-e_Alam-ara-ye_Abbasi" title="Tarikh-e Alam-ara-ye Abbasi">Tarikh-e Alam-ara-ye Abbasi</a></i> of <a href="Iskandar_Beg_Munshi" title="Iskandar Beg Munshi">Iskandar Beg Munshi</a> to mean "to make appeal to the faithful." During the 1581 and 1584 uprisings, <a href="Shah_Mohammad_Khodabandeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Mohammad Khodabandeh">Shah Mohammad Khodabandeh</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1578–1588</span>) had already employed similar expressions; "Shah Mohammad", according to Iskandar Beg Munshi, "having launched the <i>shāhī-sēvan</i> (appeal), ordered that all those of the Turkoman tribe who were servants and partisans of this hearth should rally round His Majesty." These spur-of-the-moment appeals catered to the religious values of the followers of the Safavid dynasty, whose shahs not only claimed descent from the <a href="Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a>, but also that they were their incarnations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Minorsky highlighted various publications by 19th-century Russian officials who documented the customs of the Shahsevan of Mughan. These customs, which diverge from Malcolm's account without refuting it, differ in some aspects but all agree that <a href="Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> was the original homeland of the Shahsevan, who left the place under the leadership of a certain Yunsur Pasha. They depict the Shahsevan tribes as being divided between <i>beyzadä</i> (descendants of the first immigrants) and commoners, and ruled by <i>elbey/ilbegi</i> (chieftains) descended from Yunsur Pasha. They make reference to the current royal appointment of leaders as well as an earlier royal grant of pastures in Ardabil and Mughan. These myths were most likely created by the chiefs in order to justify their power over ordinary citizens as well as their possession of the pastures, which are the most essential asset for all of their nomadic adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is not possible to fully substantiate either the first or second versions of Shahsevan's origins. There are records of individuals and tribal groups in Mughan bearing the names of Shahsevan tribes in 16th-century sources. By the end of the 17th-century, Mughan and Ardabil was associated with the name Shahsevan, which was frequently used as a military title alongside Qizilbash tribal titles like <a href="Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a> and <a href="Shamlu" title="Shamlu">Shamlu</a>. The Qizilbash Tekeli and the Kurdish <a href="Shekak_(tribe)" title="Shekak (tribe)">Shaqaqi</a> and Mughanlu were other notable tribes in the area. Until the 18th century, there is no conclusive proof of a Shahsevan tribe or confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_century">18th and 19th century</h3></div>

<p>For few a years in the 1720s, Mughan and Ardabil served as one of the main places of confrontation as a result of the swift collapse of the Safavid dynasty to the <a href="Hotaki_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotaki dynasty">Afghans</a> at <a href="Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> as well as <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> incursions in northwest Iran. Years of calm had left the tribal communities of this frontier area unprepared for the political role that was suddenly forced upon them. In 1732, the Shahsevan were again under Iranian control due to the efforts of Nader Shah, who deported many tribes to his home province of <a href="Greater_Khorasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, including the Shaqaqi, Inallu, and Afshar. Nader Shah appears to have united and consolidated the tribes that remained in Mughan and Ardabil under the leadership of <a href="Badr_Khan_Shahsevan" title="Badr Khan Shahsevan">Badr Khan Shahsevan</a>, one of his generals who took part in the wars in Khorasan and <a href="Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Badr Khan was possibly a son of Aliqoli Khan, and belonged to the Sari-khanbeyli family, which was most likely descended from the <a href="Afshars_of_Urmia" title="Afshars of Urmia">Afshars of Urmia</a>. Later stories connect Badr Khan with Yunsur Pasha. The Sari-khanbeyli family was related to leading Shahsevan tribes such as the Qojabeyli, Isali, Balabeyli, Mast-Alibeyli, Ali-Babali, Polatli, and Damirchili. The names of many of the lower caste tribes, such Ajirli and Beydili, suggest a Shamlu origin. Badr Khan Shahsevan's son or brother <a href="Nazar_Ali_Khan_Shahsevan" title="Nazar Ali Khan Shahsevan">Nazar Ali Khan Shahsevan</a> presided over Ardabil and its district during the chaotic decades that followed after Nader Shah's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>During the Russo-Iranian wars of <a href="Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">1804–1813</a> and <a href="Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">1826–1828</a>, Shahsevan territory constantly served as a battlefield. The conclusion of the wars led to the loss of the majority of their winter quarters, and many of them moving further south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Shahsevan were allowed by Russia to have restricted access to their former pasturelands in Mughan for a number of decades after the <a href="Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> in 1828, but they disregarded the restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div>

<p>In the early half of the 20th century, the Shahsevan achieved the height of their authority and prestige. Throughout the <a href="Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911</a> and the years preceding up to <a href="Reza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Khan">Reza Khan</a>'s ascent, they took part in a number of significant events. A small number of Shahsevans joined the royalist forces occupying Tabriz during the winter of 1908–1909. The majority of the Shahsevan chiefs joined <a href="Rahimkhan_Chalabianloo" title="Rahimkhan Chalabianloo">Rahimkhan Chalabianloo</a> and Amir Ashayer Shatranlu in an alliance of tribes in eastern Azerbaijan during late 1909, declaring opposition to the Constitution and their intention to march to <a href="Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> in order to reinstate the overthrown <a href="Mohammad_Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar">Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar</a>. This occurred as the new nationalist government was struggling to take control of the nation. The Shahsevan pillaged Ardabil, gaining extensive news coverage in Europe, but were quickly defeated by nationalist forces from Tehran led by <a href="Yeprem_Khan" title="Yeprem Khan">Yeprem Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Shahsevan were among the first of the major tribal groups to be subdued and disarmed by Reza's army in the winter and spring of 1922–1923. The tribes were incorporated into the new nation-state by the <a href="Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> as equal groups led by acknowledged and obedient chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Urban areas dominated the <a href="Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979</a>. The Shahsevan nomads themselves did not have much involvement, but established tribal members took part in protests at the Agro-Industry Company in Mughan and events in places like Mesghinshahr, <a href="Parsabad" title="Parsabad">Parsabad</a>, <a href="Bileh_Savar" title="Bileh Savar">Bileh Savar</a>, and <a href="Germi" title="Germi">Germi</a>. During these incidents, some former chieftains were killed, while others fled into exile. The Shahsevan were formally renamed <i>Elsevan</i> ("those who love the people (or tribe)") as part of the new regime's disapproval of anything having to do with royalty, but the new term was not universally embraced and by 1992 it was no longer in use. According to the Socio-economic Census of Nomads of 1986, the Shahsevan had about 6,000 families, just as they had in the mid-1960s, indicating a moderate return to pastoral nomadism among them, which was also occurring among other tribes in Iran at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Meanwhile, urbanization has continued progressing in Mughan as a result of the continuing expansion of numerous government-sponsored projects. According to Tapper; "By the end of the century, Shahsevan pastoral nomadism did not seem likely to survive much longer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnography">Ethnography</h2></div>

<p>The tribal structure of the Shahsevens has a large number of different institutions, arranged in descending order. So the largest unit of the tribal structure will be the ethnic group, then the tribe, clan, gubak, ube and family.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gubak in the Shahseven tribes is the main tribal unit that forms the basis of the clan. Typically, gubaks consist of 20-30 families, which are engaged in driving a common herd from pasture to pasture. The gubaks themselves can be collectively referred to as a small separate tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ube also consists of several families with a joint household, but it is a smaller unit in relation to the gubak.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some sources say that the Shahsevens have 11 tribes and 90 Ube. According to another division, this tribal union can be considered as 32 <a href="Meshgin_Shahr_County" title="Meshgin Shahr County">Mesginshahr</a> tribes and 13 <a href="Ardabil_County" title="Ardabil County">Ardabil</a> tribes, which, in turn, are divided into smaller units.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The ethnographic group is managed by the Ilbeks. Ilbek is responsible for maintaining order and collecting taxes. In addition, a bek appointed by the Ilbeks is in charge of the local administration of the tribe. Aksakals (white-bearded) are the embodiment of the political, economic, religious and social elite.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div>

<p>The traditional occupation of the Shahsevens was nomadic cattle breeding (breeding of sheep, cattle as a draft force, camels and horses). In the summer they roamed in the <a href="Sabalan" title="Sabalan">Sabalan mountains</a>, in the winter in the <a href="Mugan_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugan plain">Mugan steppe</a>. From the end of the 19th century, the Shahsevens began the transition to sedentary agriculture.

</p><p>The traditional dwelling of the Shahsevens is <a href="Alachig" title="Alachig">Alachig</a>.

</p><p>Men's clothing - white or blue shirt, brown woolen trousers, Circassian coat, lamb hat, pistons . In winter, the Shahsevens wear long-sleeved lamb coats. They shave their heads, leaving curls on their temples, grow beards.

</p><p>Women's costume - blue shirt, harem <a href="Sirwal" title="Sirwal">sirwal</a>, <a href="Arkhalig" title="Arkhalig">arkhalig</a>, blue <a href="Chador" title="Chador">chador</a>, woolen stockings, chuvyaki, gold and silver jewelry. The woman's head is tied with a scarf.

</p><p>Traditional food - <a href="Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilaf</a>, <a href="Chowder" title="Chowder">chowder</a>, <a href="Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">mutton</a>, dairy products.

</p><p>The Shahsevens preserve the tribal division and some pre-Muslim customs (including funeral ones).

</p><p>The existence of rich pastures, as well as land suitable for breeding cattle and small ruminants, in conjunction with a climate suitable for animal husbandry, determined the main occupation of the Shahsevens. Thus, the basis of the economic component of the tribes is the breeding of cows, buffaloes, sheep, camels and goats<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Women of the Shahseven tribes are engaged in weaving kilim, <a href="Jajim" title="Jajim">jajim</a>, horse blankets and khurjibs, which also plays the role of economic support for the tribe<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_of_the_Shahsevanis">Language of the Shahsevanis</h3></div>

<p>The Shahsevani dialect is either considered to be a dialect of the Azerbaijani language,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Its own distinct Turkic dialect. According to <a href="Turkish_Studies_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Studies Association">Turkish Studies</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to gathered information, the main properties of phonetic and structural of Shahsavani's Turkish have been determined. The most important features that distinguish Shahsavani's Turkish from other Turkish dialects in Iran, is the use of extension -Im/-Um (first-person singular suffix) and the extension of -sIn / -sUn (second person singular suffix). Being decentralized of Shahsavans and having the minority of population in their area of living, lead their language to destruction, on the other hand the influence of other dialect on the Shahsavani's Turkish can be seen clearly. Thus, by taking these points into account, recording the specifications of Shahsavan's dialect is necessary.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled <b>Shahsavan</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202363_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202363-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Shah-sewan</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">A Shahsevan girl in traditional dress</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A Shahsevan horse cover, made of silk and metal-wrapped silk, 1850-1900 AD.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Decorations inside a Shahsevan nomadic tent.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A (<a href="Alachig" title="Alachig">Alachig</a>)felt tent used by Shahsevan nomads.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper1997300-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper1997300_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTapper1997">Tapper 1997</a>, p. 300.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRıza_Zelyut" class="citation book cs1">Rıza Zelyut. <i>"On The Dialect of Shahsevan"</i>. pp. S. 807-828.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202363-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202363_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz2023">Behrooz 2023</a>, p. 63.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1936_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinorsky1936">Minorsky 1936</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRezaei2024" class="citation journal cs1">Rezaei, Mehdi (29 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_ing_ozet&makale_id=19358">"On The Dialect of Shahsavan"</a>. <i>Turkish Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (11 4): <span class="nowrap">807–</span>828. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7827%2FTurkishStudies.9295">10.7827/TurkishStudies.9295</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETapper2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapper2010_7-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTapper2010">Tapper 2010</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iskandari-Niya, Ebrahim. The organizational structure of the tribes and the way of life of the nomadic tribes of Western Azerbaijan. Anzali, 1987. P.33</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taper, Richard, p. 288</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iskandari-Niya, ibid. S. 30-31</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iskandari-Niya, Ebrahim. In the same place. P. 326; Compilation on information and statistics of nomadic tribes and tribal groups of Iran. Tehran, 1982.P. 4-8</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tapper, Richard. Frontier nomads of Iran, P. 14-15</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iskandari-Niya, Ebrahim. Ibid, p. 114; Sheil, Marie. Memories of Mrs. Sheil. Translated by Hasan Abutorabian. Tehran, 1983, p. 48</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Afshar-Sistani, Iraj. To the knowledge of the tribes, nomadic tribes and tribal unions of Iranian nomads. Tehran, 1987 p.104-105</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Azerbaijani, South". <i><a href="Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRezaei2024" class="citation journal cs1">Rezaei, Mehdi (29 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_ing_ozet&makale_id=19358">"On The Dialect of Shahsavan"</a>. <i>Turkish Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (11 4): <span class="nowrap">807–</span>828. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7827%2FTurkishStudies.9295">10.7827/TurkishStudies.9295</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Ahmed, Akbar S.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WahTAQAAQBAJ"><i>Islam in Tribal Societies: From the Atlas to the Indus</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0415446723</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBehrooz2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Maziar_Behrooz" title="Maziar Behrooz">Behrooz, Maziar</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TnevEAAAQBAJ"><i>Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7556-3737-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky1936" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">Minorsky, Vladimir</a> (1936). "S̲h̲āh-sewan". In Houtsma, M. Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913–1936)</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2214-871X_ei1_SIM_5282">10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_5282</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTapper1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Richard_Tapper" title="Richard Tapper">Tapper, Richard</a> (1997). <i>Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-52158-336-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTapper2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tapper, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shahsevan">"Shahsevan"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFTehraniCollard2009" class="citation book cs1">Tehrani, Jamshid J.; Collard, Mark (2009). Shennan, Stephen (ed.). <i>Pattern and Process in Cultural Evolution</i>. Origins of Human Behavior and Culture. Vol. 2. <a href="University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>111. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780520255999</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shahsevan_people" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Shahsevan people">Shahsevan people</a></span>.</div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Iran43" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Iran43" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iran">Ethnic groups in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iranians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> 53%</li>

<li><a href="Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> 16%</li>

<li><a href="Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a> 10%</li>

<li><a href="Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a> 4%</li>

<li><a href="Mazandaranis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaranis">Mazandaranis</a> 4%</li>

<li><a href="Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Arabs</a> 2%</li>

<li><a href="Baloch_people_in_Iran" title="Baloch people in Iran">Balochs</a> 2%</li>

<li><a href="Iranian_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Turkmen">Turkmens</a> and other <a href="Iranian_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Turks">Turkic people</a> 2%</li>

<li>Others 1%

<ul><li><a href="Talysh_people" title="Talysh people"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Talysh</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Armenians</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Georgians</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Assyrians"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Assyrians</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Circassians</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Afro-Iranians</a></li>

<li><a href="Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Zagari</span></a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Iran75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks adr mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Immigration_to_Iran75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Immigration to <span class="country-name"><a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afghans_in_Iran" title="Afghans in Iran">Afghans</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_people_in_Iran" title="Chinese people in Iran">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Indians_in_Iran" title="Indians in Iran">Indians</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_Iraqis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lebanese_people_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese people in Iran">Lebanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li>

<li><a href="Koreans_in_Iran" title="Koreans in Iran">Koreans</a></li>

<li><a href="Russians_in_Iran" title="Russians in Iran">Russians</a></li>

<li><a href="Pakistanis_in_Iran" title="Pakistanis in Iran">Pakistanis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics of Iran</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnicities_in_Iran" title="Ethnicities in Iran">Ethnicities in Iran</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_trafficking_in_Iran" title="Human trafficking in Iran">Human trafficking in Iran</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_citizens_abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian citizens abroad">Iranian citizens abroad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Shahsevan&oldid=1297814642">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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